Hydrocracking

How to make optimal use of hydrocracking units; understanding the types of reactions & kinetics, including reaction calculations; catalyst explanations, manufacture & commercially available catalysts; feedstocks; catalysts handling & testing; corrosion; safety aspects; troubleshooting; tenders & technical offers; technical forecasts based on pilot plant data.

Day 1
Hydrocracking schemes
Product properties

• Types of reactions and kinetics – Kinetics: HDN, HDS, Hydrogenation, cracking – Reaction Mechanism – Normalisation

Catalysts

• Composition – Hydrogenation function – Acidity – Amorphous Silica-Alumina – Zeolites
• Properties of catalysts (e.g. SA, PV, MPD, strength etc)

Catalyst manufacture

• Support – Zeolite – Extrusion – Calcination – Impregnation – Quality control & Analyses

Commercially available hydrocracking catalysts

• Topsoe – ART – Axens – Criterion / Shell

Day 2
Feedstocks

• Type – Contaminants

Catalyst handling

• Reactor loading – Presulphiding procedures – Unloading

Catalyst testing

• Best Practices pretest – WABT Temperature profile – WHSV – Recycle cutpoint – Pressure
• Gas to oil ratio – Critical Measurements

Calculations

• Conversion – Hydrogen consumption – Normalizations of WABT’s

Day 3
Corrosion

• High-temperature – Aqueous – Wash-water injection to prevent corrosion

Safety aspects

• Catalysts – H2S – Polycyclic Aromatics – NH3- Sulphiding Compounds – Ni(CO)4

Troubleshooting

• Reasons for malperformance in – How to identify/rectify malperformance Invitation to tender/Technical offer preparation – How to prepare a technical forecast based on pilot plant data